| ABS(numeric expression) |
y = ABS(x) |
Returns the absolute value of a numeric expression. |
| ASC(string expression) |
y = ASC(x$) |
Returns the ASCII code of the first character in a string. |
| ATN(numeric expression) |
y = ATN(x) |
Returns the arctangent (inverse tangent) of a numeric expression in radians. |
| BEEP |
BEEP [count] |
Emits a beep sound through the speaker. |
| BINS(numeric expression) |
y$ = BINS(x) |
Returns the binary string representation of a number. |
| BLOAD filespec [address] |
BLOAD "filename.ext" [address] |
Loads a file created with BSAVE into memory. |
| BSAVE filespec, address, length |
BSAVE "filename.ext", address, length |
Saves a range of memory to a file. |
| CALL procedurename (argument list) |
CALL ProcName(var1, var2, ...) |
Calls a procedure (subprogram). |
| CALL ABSOLUTE address (parameter list) |
CALL ABSOLUTE address (param1, param2, ...) |
Calls an assembly language routine at a specific address. |
| CALL INTERRUPT interrupt_number (parameter list) |
CALL INTERRUPT interrupt_number (param1, param2, ...) |
Calls a system interrupt. |
| CDBL(numeric expression) |
y# = CDBL(x) |
Converts a numeric expression to double-precision floating-point. |
| CEIL(numeric expression) |
y = CEIL(x) |
Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to the argument. |
| CHAIN filespec |
CHAIN "filename.ext" |
Loads and executes another Turbo Basic program in chain mode. |
| CHDIR path |
CHDIR "path" |
Changes the current directory (same as DOS CD command). |
| CHR$(integer expression) |
y$ = CHR$(x) |
Returns a one-character string based on the ASCII code. |
| CINT(numeric expression) |
y = CINT(x) |
Converts a numeric expression to an integer by rounding. |
| CLEAR |
CLEAR |
Clears variable memory, turns off event trapping, and resets array and string memory. |
| CLOSE [filenum] |
CLOSE [filenum] |
Closes a file or device. |
| CLS |
CLS |
Clears the screen. |
| COLOR [foreground] [background] [border] |
COLOR [foreground] [background] [border] |
Sets the colors for text mode. |
| COLOR [background] [palette], COLOR [foreground] [background] |
COLOR [background] [palette], COLOR [foreground] [background] |
Sets the colors for graphics mode. |
| COMMON variable (variable...) |
COMMON var1, var2, ... |
Declares variables to be shared with a chained program. |
| COS(numeric expression) |
y# = COS(x) |
Returns the cosine of an angle in radians. |
| CSNG(numeric expression) |
y! = CSNG(x) |
Converts a numeric expression to single-precision floating-point. |
| CSRLIN |
y = CSRLIN |
Returns the current vertical cursor position (row number). |
| CVI(string), CVL(string), CVS(string), CVD(string) |
y = CVI(x$), y = CVL(x$), y! = CVS(x$), y# = CVD(x$) |
Converts string data read from random files to numeric form. |
| CYMD(string), CVMS(string) |
y# = CYMD(x$), y! = CVMS(x$) |
Converts string data read from Microsoft format random files to numeric form. |
| DATA constant (constant...) |
DATA value1, value2, ... |
Declares constants for use with the READ statement. |
| DATES |
DATES = "mm-dd-yy", y$ = DATES |
Sets or retrieves the system date. |
| DECR variable [size] |
DECR var [size] |
Decrements a variable by a specified amount (defaults to 1). |
| DEF FN identifier (argument list) = expression |
DEF FN FuncName(arg1, arg2, ...) = expression |
Defines a single-line function. |
| DEF FN identifier (argument list) |
DEF FN FuncName(arg1, arg2, ...) |
Defines a multi-line function. |
| DEFINT letter range (letter range...) |
DEFINT A-Z |
Declares variables beginning with specified letters as integers. |
| DEFLNG letter range (letter range...) |
DEFLNG A-Z |
Declares variables beginning with specified letters as long integers. |
| DEFSNG letter range (letter range...) |
DEFSNG A-Z |
Declares variables beginning with specified letters as single-precision floating-point. |
| DEFDBL letter range (letter range...) |
DEFDBL A-Z |
Declares variables beginning with specified letters as double-precision floating-point. |
| DEFSTR letter range (letter range...) |
DEFSTR A-Z |
Declares variables beginning with specified letters as strings. |
| DEF SEG [numeric expression] |
DEF SEG [segment] |
Defines the data segment for use with BLOAD, BSAVE, CALL ABSOLUTE, PEEK, and POKE. |
| DELAY seconds |
DELAY seconds |
Pauses program execution for a specified number of seconds. |
| DIM arrayname (subscripts) (arrayname (subscripts)...) |
DIM array1(10), array2(10, 10) |
Declares arrays. |
| DO [WHILE/UNTIL expression] |
DO [WHILE/UNTIL expression] |
Begins a DO/LOOP loop. |
| DRAW string expression |
DRAW "commands" |
Draws shapes on the graphics screen using a string of commands. |
| END [DEF/IF/SELECT/SUB] |
END [DEF/IF/SELECT/SUB] |
Terminates program execution or a structured block. |
| ENDMEM |
y = ENDMEM |
Returns the address of the end of physical memory. |
| ENVIRON string expression |
ENVIRON "parameter=value" |
Modifies the environment table. |
| ENVIRONS string expression |
y$ = ENVIRONS(x$) |
Retrieves a parameter from the environment table. |
| EOF(filenum) |
y = EOF(filenum) |
Returns TRUE if the end of file has been reached. |
| ERADR |
y = ERADR |
Returns the address of the most recent error. |
| ERASE arrayname (arrayname...) |
ERASE array1, array2, ... |
Deletes dynamic arrays and resets static arrays. |
| ERDEV, ERDEVS |
y = ERDEV, y$ = ERDEVS |
Returns device driver error information. |
| ERL, ERR |
y = ERL, y = ERR |
Returns the line number and error code of the most recent error. |
| ERROR errcode |
ERROR errcode |
Simulates a run-time error. |
| EXIT [SELECT/DEF/FOR/DO/WHILE/SUB] |
EXIT [SELECT/DEF/FOR/DO/WHILE/SUB] |
Exits a structured block prematurely. |
| EXP(numeric expression) |
y# = EXP(x) |
Returns e raised to the power of x. |
| EXP2(numeric expression) |
y# = EXP2(x) |
Returns 2 raised to the power of x. |
| EXP10(numeric expression) |
y# = EXP10(x) |
Returns 10 raised to the power of x. |
| FIELD filenum, width AS stringvar (width AS stringvar...) |
FIELD filenum, 10 AS str1$, 20 AS str2$, ... |
Defines field variables for a random file buffer. |
| FILES filespec |
FILES "filename.ext" |
Displays the directory contents (like DOS DIR command). |
| FIX(numeric expression) |
y = FIX(x) |
Truncates a numeric expression to an integer. |
| FOR variable = start TO end [STEP step] |
FOR i = 1 TO 10 STEP 2 |
Begins a FOR/NEXT loop. |
| FRE(integer expression) |
y = FRE(x) |
Returns the amount of free memory available to your program. |
| GET filenum, recordnumber |
GET filenum, recordnumber |
Reads a record from a random file. |
| GET (x1, y1) - (x2, y2), array |
GET (x1, y1) - (x2, y2), buffer() |
Reads a portion of the graphics screen into an array. |
| GETS(filenum, number_of_bytes) |
y$ = GETS(filenum, number_of_bytes) |
Reads a specified number of bytes from a binary file. |
| GOSUB label |
GOSUB label |
Calls a subroutine. |
| GOTO label |
GOTO label |
Jumps unconditionally to a specified line. |
| HEX$(numeric expression) |
y$ = HEX$(x) |
Returns the hexadecimal string representation of a number. |
| IF expression THEN statement(s) [ELSE statement(s)] |
IF x > 10 THEN PRINT "Greater than 10" ELSE PRINT "Less than or equal to 10" |
Tests a condition and executes statements based on the result. |
| IF expression THEN |
IF expression THEN |
Begins an IF block. |
| INCR variable [size] |
INCR var [size] |
Increments a variable by a specified amount (defaults to 1). |
| INKEY$ |
y$ = INKEY$ |
Reads a keystroke from the keyboard without echoing it. |
| INP(port) |
y = INP(port) |
Reads a byte from an I/O port. |
| INPUT [prompt string;] variable (variable...) |
INPUT "Enter your name: "; name$ |
Prompts the user for input and assigns it to variables. |
| INPUT # filenum, variable (variable...) |
INPUT # filenum, var1, var2, ... |
Reads data from a sequential file into variables. |
| INPUTS(filenum, number_of_characters) |
y$ = INPUTS(filenum, number_of_characters) |
Reads a specified number of characters from the keyboard or a file. |
| INSTAT |
y = INSTAT |
Returns the keyboard status. |
| INSTR [start, ] target string, pattern string |
y = INSTR(1, "Hello World", "World") |
Searches for a pattern within a string. |
| INT(numeric expression) |
y = INT(x) |
Returns the largest integer less than or equal to the argument. |
| IOCTL filenum, string expression |
IOCTL filenum, string$ |
Sends data to a device driver. |
| IOCTLS(filenum) |
y$ = IOCTLS(filenum) |
Reads data from a device driver. |
| KEY ON/OFF/LIST |
KEY ON/OFF/LIST |
Turns function key display on/off or lists current definitions. |
| KEY n, string expression |
KEY 1, "PRINT \"Hello\"" |
Defines the contents of a function key. |
| KEY(n) ON/OFF/STOP |
KEY(10) ON/OFF/STOP |
Turns trapping for a specific key on/off or stops trapping. |
| KILL filespec |
KILL "filename.ext" |
Deletes a file (like DOS DEL command). |
| LBOUND(arrayname, dimension) |
y = LBOUND(array, 1) |
Returns the lowest possible subscript for a specified dimension of an array. |
| LCASES(string expression) |
y$ = LCASES(x$) |
Converts a string to lowercase. |
| LEFT$(string expression, n) |
y$ = LEFT$("Hello World", 5) |
Returns the leftmost n characters of a string. |
| LEN(string expression) |
y = LEN(x$) |
Returns the length of a string. |
| LET variable = expression |
LET x = 10 |
Assigns a value to a variable (LET is optional). |
| LINE (x1, y1) - (x2, y2) [color] [pattern] |
LINE (10, 10) - (50, 50), 3, &HAAAA |
Draws a line or box on the graphics screen. |
| LINE INPUT [prompt string;] string variable |
LINE INPUT "Enter your address: "; address$ |
Reads a line of text from the keyboard, ignoring delimiters. |
| LINE INPUT # filenum, string variable |
LINE INPUT # filenum, str$ |
Reads a line of text from a sequential file, ignoring delimiters. |
| LOC(filenum) |
y = LOC(filenum) |
Returns the current file position. |
| LOCAL variable (variable...) |
LOCAL var1, var2, ... |
Declares local variables within a procedure or function. |
| LOCATE row, column [cursor] [start] [stop] |
LOCATE 10, 20, 1, 0, 7 |
Positions the cursor on the screen and defines its shape. |
| LOF(filenum) |
y = LOF(filenum) |
Returns the length of a file in bytes. |
| LOG(numeric expression) |
y# = LOG(x) |
Returns the natural logarithm (base e) of a number. |
| LOG2(numeric expression) |
y# = LOG2(x) |
Returns the logarithm of a number to the base 2. |
| LOG10(numeric expression) |
y# = LOG10(x) |
Returns the logarithm of a number to the base 10. |
| LPOS(filenum) |
y = LPOS(filenum) |
Returns the current printer buffer position. |
| LPRINT expression list |
LPRINT "Hello World" |
Sends data to the printer. |
| LPRINT USING format string, expression list |
LPRINT USING "\ ##.##", value |
Sends formatted data to the printer. |
| LSET fieldvar = string expression |
LSET field$ = "Hello" |
Moves string data into a random file buffer, left-justifying. |
| MEMSET address |
MEMSET address |
Declares the upper memory limit. |
| MID$(string expression, start, length) |
y$ = MID$("Hello World", 7, 5) |
Returns a substring from a string. |
| MID$(string variable, start, length) = replacement string |
MID$(str$, 7, 5) = "World" |
Replaces characters in a string. |
| MKDIR path |
MKDIR "path" |
Creates a subdirectory (like DOS MKDIR command). |
| MKIS(integer expression), MKLS(long integer expression), MKS$(single-precision expression), MKD$(double-precision expression) |
y$ = MKIS(x), y$ = MKLS(x), y$ = MKS$(x), y$ = MKD$(x) |
Converts numeric data to strings for random file output. |
| MKMDS(single-precision expression), MKMS$(double-precision expression) |
y$ = MKMDS(x!), y$ = MKMS$(x#) |
Converts numeric data to Microsoft format strings for random file output. |
| MTIMER |
y = MTIMER, MTIMER |
Resets or returns the micro-timer value. |
| NAME filespec AS filespec2 |
NAME "filename1.ext" AS "filename2.ext" |
Renames a file (like DOS REN command). |
| OCTS(integer expression) |
y$ = OCTS(x) |
Returns the octal string representation of a number. |
| ON COM(n) GOSUB label |
ON COM(1) GOSUB CommHandler |
Declares a subroutine to handle serial port events. |
| ON ERROR GOTO label |
ON ERROR GOTO ErrorHandler |
Specifies an error-handling routine. |
| ON/GOSUB expression, label (label...) |
ON x GOSUB Label1, Label2, ... |
Calls one of several subroutines based on the value of an expression. |
| ON/GOTO expression, label (label...) |
ON x GOTO Label1, Label2, ... |
Jumps to one of several lines based on the value of an expression. |
| ON KEY(n) GOSUB label |
ON KEY(10) GOSUB KeyHandler |
Declares a subroutine to handle a specific key press. |
| ON PEN GOSUB label |
ON PEN GOSUB PenHandler |
Declares a subroutine to handle light pen events. |
| ON PLAY notecount GOSUB label |
ON PLAY 10 GOSUB MusicHandler |
Declares a subroutine to handle background music buffer events. |
| ON STRIG(n) GOSUB label |
ON STRIG(1) GOSUB JoystickHandler |
Declares a subroutine to handle joystick button events. |
| ON TIMER seconds GOSUB label |
ON TIMER 60 GOSUB TimerHandler |
Declares a subroutine to handle timer events. |
| OPEN filespec FOR mode AS filenum [LEN = recordsize] |
OPEN "filename.ext" FOR RANDOM AS #1 LEN = 100 |
Opens a file or device for reading or writing. |
| OPEN COM(n) [baud, parity, data, stop] AS filenum [option block] |
OPEN COM(1) 9600, "E", 8, 1 AS #1 |
Opens and configures a communications port. |
| OPTION BASE integer expression |
OPTION BASE 1 |
Sets the minimum value for array subscripts. |
| OUT port, value |
OUT port, value |
Writes a byte to an I/O port. |
| PAINT (x, y) [color] [boundary] [background] |
PAINT (10, 10), 3, 1, "pattern$" |
Fills an enclosed area on the graphics screen with a color or pattern. |
| PALETTE attribute, color |
PALETTE 1, 3 |
Changes the color in the palette at a specific attribute. |
| PALETTE USING integer arrayname, array index |
PALETTE USING colorArray(), 0 |
Changes the entire palette using an integer array. |
| PEEK(offset) |
y = PEEK(offset) |
Returns the byte stored at a specified memory location. |
| PEN ON/OFF/STOP |
PEN ON/OFF/STOP |
Turns light pen event checking on/off or stops trapping. |
| PEN(option) |
y = PEN(option) |
Returns light pen status information. |
| PLAY string expression |
PLAY "O3G F# G A" |
Plays music using a string of commands. |
| PLAY ON/OFF/STOP |
PLAY ON/OFF/STOP |
Turns background music buffer checking on/off or stops trapping. |
| PMAP(coordinate, option) |
y = PMAP(x, 1) |
Maps physical coordinates to world coordinates or vice versa. |
| POINT (x, y) |
y = POINT(x, y) |
Returns the color attribute of a pixel. |
| POINT(option) |
y = POINT(option) |
Returns LPR information. |
| POKE offset, value |
POKE offset, value |
Writes a byte to a specified memory location. |
| POS(filenum) |
y = POS(filenum) |
Returns the current horizontal cursor position (column number). |
| PRESET (x, y) [color] |
PRESET (10, 10), 3 |
Plots a point on the graphics screen, turning off the pixel. |
| PRINT expression list |
PRINT "Hello World", 10, 20 |
Sends data to the screen. |
| PRINT USING format string, expression list |
PRINT USING "##.##", value |
Sends formatted data to the screen. |
| PRINT # filenum, [USING format string] expression list |
PRINT # filenum, "Hello World", 10, 20 |
Writes formatted data to a file. |
| PUT filenum, recordnumber |
PUT filenum, recordnumber |
Writes a record to a random file. |
| PUT (x1, y1) - (x2, y2), array [option] |
PUT (10, 10) - (50, 50), buffer(), PSET |
Copies the contents of a numeric array to the graphics screen. |
| PUTS(filenum, string expression) |
PUTS(filenum, string$) |
Writes a string to a binary file. |
| RANDOMIZE [numeric expression] |
RANDOMIZE TIMER |
Seeds the random number generator. |
| READ variable (variable...) |
READ var1, var2, ... |
Reads values from DATA statements into variables. |
| REG register, value |
REG 0, 1000 |
Sets the value of a register in the register buffer. |
| REG(register) |
y = REG(0) |
Returns the value of a register in the register buffer. |
| REM comment |
REM This is a comment |
Adds a comment to a line of code. |
| RESET |
RESET |
Closes all open files and devices. |
| RESTORE [label] |
RESTORE |
Resets the DATA statement pointer. |
| RESUME [0/NEXT/label] |
RESUME NEXT |
Restarts program execution after an error. |
| RETURN [label] |
RETURN |
Returns from a subroutine. |
| RIGHTS(string expression, n) |
y$ = RIGHTS("Hello World", 5) |
Returns the rightmost n characters of a string. |
| RMDIR path |
RMDIR "path" |
Removes a directory (like DOS RMDIR command). |
| RND [(numeric expression)] |
y# = RND |
Returns a random number. |
| RSET fieldvar = string expression |
RSET field$ = "Hello" |
Moves string data into a random file buffer, right-justifying. |
| RUN [filespec] |
RUN "filename.ext" |
Restarts the current program or loads and executes another program. |
| SCREEN mode [color/mono] [page] [opage] |
SCREEN 1, 0, 1, 0 |
Sets the screen display mode. |
| SCREEN row, column [option] |
y = SCREEN(1, 1) |
Returns the ASCII code of the character at a specific row and column. |
| SEEK filenum, position |
SEEK filenum, position |
Sets the file pointer position in a binary file. |
| SELECT CASE expression |
SELECT CASE x |
Begins a SELECT CASE block. |
| SGN(numeric expression) |
y = SGN(x) |
Returns the sign of a numeric expression. |
| SHARED variable (variable...) |
SHARED var1, var2, ... |
Declares shared (global) variables within a procedure or function. |
| SHELL parameter string |
SHELL "command.com" |
Loads and executes a child process. |
| SIN(numeric expression) |
y# = SIN(x) |
Returns the sine of an angle in radians. |
| SOUND frequency, duration |
SOUND 1000, 1 |
Generates a tone of a specified frequency and duration. |
| SPACES(count) |
y$ = SPACES(10) |
Returns a string consisting of spaces. |
| SPC(n) |
PRINT SPC(10), "Hello" |
Inserts spaces in PRINT statements. |
| SQR(numeric expression) |
y# = SQR(x) |
Returns the square root of a number. |
| STATIC variable (variable...) |
STATIC var1, var2, ... |
| STATIC variable (variable...) |
STATIC var1, var2, ... |
Declares static variables within a procedure or function. |
| STICK(option) |
y = STICK(option) |
Returns joystick position information. |
| STOP |
STOP |
Halts program execution. |
| STR$(numeric expression) |
y$ = STR$(x) |
Returns the string representation of a number. |
| STRIG ON/OFF/STOP |
STRIG ON/OFF/STOP |
Turns joystick button event checking on/off or stops trapping. |
| STRIG(option) |
y = STRIG(option) |
Returns joystick button status information. |
| STRINGS(count, value/string expression) |
y$ = STRINGS(10, "") |
Returns a string consisting of multiple copies of a character. |
| SUB procedurename (parameter list) [STATIC/DYNAMIC/INLINE] |
SUB ProcName(var1, var2, ...) |
Defines a procedure (subprogram). |
| SWAP variable1, variable2 |
SWAP x, y |
Exchanges the values of two variables. |
| SYSTEM |
SYSTEM |
Terminates program execution. |
| TAB(n) |
PRINT TAB(10), "Hello" |
Moves the print position to a specified column. |
| TAN(numeric expression) |
y# = TAN(x) |
Returns the tangent of an angle in radians. |
| TIMES |
TIMES = "hh:mm:ss", y$ = TIMES |
Sets or retrieves the system time. |
| TIMER |
y! = TIMER |
Returns the number of seconds since midnight. |
| TIMER ON/OFF/STOP |
TIMER ON/OFF/STOP |
Turns timer event checking on/off or stops trapping. |
| TRON/TROFF |
TRON/TROFF |
Turns tracing on/off. |
| UBOUND(arrayname, dimension) |
y = UBOUND(array, 1) |
Returns the highest possible subscript for a specified dimension of an array. |
| UCASES(string expression) |
y$ = UCASES(x$) |
Converts a string to uppercase. |
| VAL(string expression) |
y = VAL(x$) |
Returns the numeric value of a string. |
| VARPTR(variable) |
y = VARPTR(x) |
Returns the offset address of a variable. |
| VARPTRS(variable) |
y$ = VARPTRS(x) |
Returns a pointer to a variable in string form. |
| VARSEG(variable) |
y = VARSEG(x) |
Returns the segment address of a variable. |
| VIEW [(SCREEN) (x1, y1) - (x2, y2) [color] [boundary]] |
VIEW (10, 10) - (50, 50), 3, 1 |
Defines the active area (viewport) on the graphics screen. |
| WAIT port, mask |
WAIT port, mask |
Waits for a specific hardware status condition. |
| WHILE expression |
WHILE expression |
Begins a WHILE/WEND loop. |
| WIDTH [device name/filenum], size |
WIDTH "LPT1:", 132 |
Sets the logical line width for a device. |
| WINDOW [(SCREEN) (x1, y1) - (x2, y2)] |
WINDOW (0, 0) - (639, 199) |
Defines the graphics coordinate system. |
| WRITE # filenum, expression list |
WRITE # filenum, "Hello", 10, 20 |
Writes comma-delimited data to a sequential file. |
| WRITE expression list |
WRITE "Hello", 10, 20 |
Sends comma-delimited data to the screen. |